CiCC

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There are currently 162 CiCC in this directory beginning with the letter M.
M

M Failure Test
A statistical test used to evaluate the reliability or failure rate of a product or system under specific conditions.

M7
See Management tools.

Machine capability
Suitability of the machine. Machine capability indices that are determined by the machine capability analysis are the CM and CMK value. They represent an estimate of the dispersion of the interesting, quantitative characteristics. When calculating these indices, only the machine‘s own influences are taken into consideration.

Machine capability analysis
See Machine capability.

Machine Cycle Time
The time required to complete a full cycle or operation in a machine, often used in manufacturing process analysis.

Machine Downtime
The period during which a machine or equipment is not operational, typically due to maintenance, breakdowns, or issues.

Machine Set-Up Time
The duration needed to prepare a machine or equipment for a specific operation or production run.

Magic triangle
Relationship between quality, costs and time. The objective must be to balance all three competing parameters.

Mahalanobis
A statistical measure used to assess the distance between a data point and the mean in multivariate analysis, considering correlations.

Main effect plot
Graphics tool to indentify a variable‘s influence on the output variable. Main effect plots are primarily used in the DoE (Design of Experiments) in order to examine how significant a variable‘s influence is on the output quantity being examined.

Main Effects Plot
A graphical representation illustrating the main effects of different factors or variables on a response in experimental design.

Main process
Higher level process in a process hierarchy. Each main process constitutes an organizational unit and in turn is divided into various sub-processes.

Maintainability
Maintainability: The probability that a given maintenance action for an item under given usage conditions can be performed within a stated time interval when the maintenance is performed under stated conditions using stated procedures and resources. Maintainability has two categories: serviceability (the ease of conducting scheduled inspections and servicing) and repairability (the ease of restoring service after a failure).

Maintenance
1. Servicing, care, inspection and repair of technical instruments in a system in order to preserve the functional capability.

Maintenance Performance Sheet (Mp Sheet)
A document or sheet tracking and evaluating the performance of maintenance activities, tasks, or schedules.

Make it Ugly
A concept suggesting deliberately creating flaws or issues in a process to identify weaknesses and areas for improvement.

Make to Order
A manufacturing strategy where products are produced or customized based on specific customer orders or demands.

Make to Stock
A manufacturing approach where products are produced in anticipation of demand, creating inventory available for immediate sale.

Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Award
Quality award in the USA. This award is based on a TQM model: A maximum of 1000 points can be earned in each of seven categories. The prize has been annually awarded to a company from production, one from the service sector and to an SME since 1988.

Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA)
Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA): An award established by the U.S. Congress in 1987 to raise awareness of quality management and recognize U.S. organizations that have implemented successful quality management systems. The award is managed by the U.S. Commerce Department National Institute of Standards and Technology and administered by CiCC.

Malfunction
Termination of a unit‘s capability to fulfill the required function. (IEC 60050)

Management
Coordinated activities to direct and control an organization. ISO 9000:2015 recommends using the term management only for one person or one group of people if the further context an additional conceptual definition makes it possible to avoid confusion with the term management as defined above. (On the basis of ISO 9000:2015)

Management by objectives
Also called management by results.

Management by Policy
Management of the objectives and the means. This procedure is based on the Japanese principle of Hoshin Kanri. Hoshin means objective or direction and Kanri stands for management or controlling.

Management liability
The responsibility of an entrepreneur or planner for deficient organization of its internal procedures. ISO 9001 certification makes it easier to be released from claims based on management liability.

Management manual
See Quality manual.

Management process
Process that has the character of giving instructions and making decisions. Management processes are also called control processes. In particular, these include human resources planning, corporate planning and target agreement processes, as well as the performance of statutory entrepreneurial duties.

Management representative
See Quality management representative.

Management review
Management review: A top management meeting held at planned intervals to review the continuing suitability and effectiveness of one or more of an organization’s management system(s).

Management system
System to define policy and objectives and to achieve these objectives An organization‘s management system can include different systems, such as a quality management system, a financial management system and an environmental management system. (On the basis of ISO 9000:2015)

Management tools
The (seven) management tools are problem-solving techniques that are used to analyze verbal information on the basis of visual methods. These tools are preferably used to process complex problems or when there is little or no numerical data available. In particular, these are: affinity diagram, interrelationship digraph, tree diagram, matrix diagram, matrix data analysis (portfolio analysis), problem decision program chart, and activity network diagram.

Management-by-fact
An approach to decision-making emphasizing the use of data, evidence, and facts rather than opinions or assumptions.

Manager
Manager: An individual with responsibility and authority over managing a process.

Mann-Whitney Test
A non-parametric statistical test comparing two independent groups to determine differences in their distributions or medians.

Manova
Multivariate Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique examining differences among multiple groups for multiple dependent variables.

Mantel-Haenszel Cochran Test
A statistical test used to assess the association between two categorical variables while controlling for another variable.

Manual Time
The time taken or spent by individuals or workers to perform tasks or operations manually, excluding automated processes.

Manufacturing Costs per Unit
The average cost incurred in producing a single unit of a product, considering all expenses related to manufacturing.

Manufacturing resource planning (MRP II)
Manufacturing resource planning (MRP II): When material requirements planning and capacity planning and finance interface to translate operational planning into financial terms and into a simulation tool to assess alternative production plans.

Mapping symbols or icons
Mapping symbols or icons: An easy, effective way to visually communicate the flow of materials and information.

Margin of Error
The range within which the true value of a parameter is likely to lie, accounting for uncertainty in statistical estimates.

Marginal costs
Costs caused by the production of an additional unit.

Marginal Plot
A graphical representation depicting the marginal relationship between variables, often used in exploratory data analysis.

Masing
Walter Masing (1915 – 2004), Ph.D. in physics, is a pioneer and important figure in quality science. Particularly in Germany he made a name for himself as a pioneer of modern, industrial quality science.

Master Black Belt
Coach and expert in the Six Sigma organization: The Master Black Belt is responsible for setting up the Six Sigma organization and for advising the Champions on how Six Sigma can optimally be employed and used to implement the firm‘s objectives. The Master Black Belt is the most important expert for all methods and tools, and conveys this information across all of a company‘s levels.

Master Black Belt (MBB)
Master Black Belt (MBB): A problem-solving subject matter expert responsible for strategic implementations in an organization. This person is typically qualified to teach other facilitators the statistical and problem-solving methods, tools and applications to use in such implementations.

Material handling
Material handling: Methods, equipment and systems for conveying materials to various machines and processing areas, and for transferring finished parts to assembly, packaging and shipping areas.

Material requirements planning (MRP)
Material requirements planning (MRP): A computerized system typically used to determine the quantity and timing requirements for production and delivery of items to customers and suppliers. Using MRP to schedule production at various processes will result in push production because any predetermined schedule is an estimate only of what the next process will actually need.

Matrices
Plural of Matrix: Mathematical structures used for data organization or representation, often in linear algebra or statistical analysis.

Matrix
Matrix: A document for displaying the relationships among various data sets.

Matrix data analysis
See Portfolio analysis.

Matrix diagram
The matrix diagram is a management tool (M7) for representing complex interrelationships. With the help of a matrix, the relationships and interactions of a problem or question are revealed step by step and shown in a clear manner. Up to four dimensions can be linked to one another (L, T and X matrix).

Matrix Plot
A graphical representation illustrating relationships among variables using a matrix format, aiding in data visualization.

Maturity level
Certain stage of maturity or organizational maturity of a company in the implementation of a management system or of a continual improvement process.

Max
Maximum: The highest or largest value observed or attainable within a dataset or a given set of values.

Maximum average outgoing quality
Maximum average outgoing quality in a single sampling instruction.

MBNQA
See Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award.

MbO
Management by Objectives.

MbP
Management by Policy.

MCA
See Machine Capability Analysis.

MCC
Machine Capability Control. See Machine capability.

MDT
Mean Down Time.

Mean
Mean: A measure of central tendency; the arithmetic average of all measurements in a data set.

Mean Cumulative Function
A statistical function representing the cumulative distribution function for a continuous random variable's mean.

Mean Squares
A measure of variability or dispersion calculated as the sum of squared deviations from the mean divided by degrees of freedom.

Mean Taguchi
A concept in Taguchi methods focusing on optimizing processes to minimize variations around a target or desired mean.

Mean time between failures (MTBF)
Mean time between failures (MTBF): The average time interval between failures for a repairable machine, piece of equipment or product for a defined unit of measure; for example, operating hours, cycles and miles.

Mean value
See Arithmetic mean.

Mean, Standard Error of
The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample mean, representing the uncertainty in estimating the population mean.

Measurand
Physical quantity that is measured. (On the basis of DIN 1319-1)

Measure
Measure: The criteria, metric or means to which a comparison is made with output.

Measure of dispersion
Index that registers deviations.

Measurement
Measurement: The act or process of determining a value. An approximation or estimate of the value of the specific quantity subject to measurement, which is complete only when accompanied by a quantitative statement of its uncertainty.

Measurement management system
Necessary system for attaining metrological confirmation (e.g., calibration) and for permanent monitoring of measurement processes. (On the basis of ISO 9000:2015)

Measurement process
Activities for determining a measured quantity. (On the basis of ISO 9000:2015)

Measurement result
Estimated value of a measured quantity that is acquired from measurements as an approximation of the true value of the measured quantity. (On the basis of DIN 1319-1)

Measurement standard
Material measure, reference material, measuring instrument or measuring system. It is used to reproduce, keep unchanged or represent a unit of measurement in order that it can be passed on to other measuring instruments by means of comparison. (On the basis of DIN 1319-1)

Measurement system
Measurement system: All operations, procedures, devices and other equipment, personnel and environment used to assign a value to the characteristic being measured.

Measurement System Analysis
An evaluation process assessing the accuracy, precision, and reliability of a measurement system or equipment.

Measurement System Analysis (MSA)
Analysis of the behavior of a measuring system under real usage conditions (various operation sites, different inspectors, real workpieces, and installation into different measuring devices). The results make it possible to state whether or not this inspection, measuring and test equipment and measurement systems are suitable for use in measurements with certain stipulated tolerances or process dispersion.

Measurement System Variation
Variability arising from the measurement process, influencing the consistency and reliability of measurements.

Measurement uncertainty
Measurement uncertainty: In metrology, a non-negative parameter characterizing the dispersion of the values attributed to a measured quantity.

Measures of Accuracy
Statistical measures assessing the closeness or accuracy of observed values to the true or expected values in data analysis.

Measuring accuracy
Range in which an experimentally determined quantity can deviate from the actual value. It is a measure of the value‘s accuracy (also measurement uncertainty or error).

Measuring equipment
Measuring instrument, software, measurement standard, reference material, auxiliary apparatus or a combination of these required to carry out a measurement process. (On the basis of ISO 9000:2015)

Measuring instrument
Instrument for measuring a measured quantity. It can be used either alone or in combination with other equipment. (On the basis of DIN 1319-1)

Measuring object
Bearer of a measured quantity. These can be bodies, processes or states. (On the basis of DIN 1319-1)

Measuring system
All measuring instruments and associated additional equipment (e.g., thermostat) in order to achieve a measurement result. (On the basis of DIN 1319-1)

Median
Median: The middle number or center value of a set of data in which all the data are arranged in sequence.

Median Polish
A statistical method for analyzing two-way or multi-way tables to estimate row and column effects iteratively.

Megaproject
A large-scale project characterized by complexity, scope, duration, or financial investment, often involving multiple stakeholders.

Mesh
The density or spacing of points in a grid or network used in mathematical modeling or simulation, affecting accuracy and detail.

Method 635
Creativity technique and problem-solving method for generating new and unusual ideas. Prof. Bernd Rohrbach developed it in 1968. Procedure: Each participant is given a piece of paper that is the same size. This is divided into 18 boxes with 3 columns and 6 rows. In the next step, each of the 6 participants is requested to write an idea in the first box of each column. Each participant passes his/her piece of paper on to the next person in the clockwise direction after around 3 to 5 minutes (depending of the level of difficulty). Now the next person in line must take the ideas that were already generated and supplement and further develop them. 635 stands for 6 participants, each of whom develops 3 ideas and passes them on 5 times. The advantage of this method is that many ideas are generated in a short time (max. 108 ideas in 30 minutes).

Metric
Metric: A standard for measurement.

Metrological characteristic
Distinguishing feature of measuring equipment, such as the measurement range or stability or the discrimination threshold. The metrological characteristic can influence the measurement results. Measuring equipment usually has several metrological characteristics. These can also be subject to calibration. (On the basis of DIN 9000:2015)

Metrological confirmation
Activities required to ensure that measuring equipment fulfills the requirements for the intended use. Generally, metrological confirmation, calibration or verification includes every necessary adjustment or repair with subsequent recalibration, comparison with the metrological requirements for the intended use of the measuring equipment and all necessary sealing and labeling. Metrological confirmation is not achieved until the suitability of the measuring equipment for the intended use has been verified and documented. The requirements for the intended use include such criteria as measurement range, resolution and limiting values. Requirements for metrological confirmation are usually not identical to the product requirements and are also not specified there. (On the basis of ISO 9000:2015)

Metrology
Metrology: The science of weights and measures or of measurement; a system of weights and measures.

Metrology functional area
Functional area that is organizationally and technically responsible for specifying and implementing the measurement management system. (On the basis of ISO 9000:2015)

MIL-Q 9858
USA quality requirements in the military sector. The program was developed in 1963.

MIL-Q-9858A
MIL-Q-9858A: A military standard that describes quality program requirements.

MIL-STD-105E
MIL-STD-105E: A military standard that describes the sampling procedures and tables for inspection by attributes.

MIL-STD-45662A
MIL-STD-45662A: A military standard that describes the requirements for creating and maintaining a calibration system for measurement and test equipment.

Milestone
A significant event, achievement, or point marking progress or completion in a project, often used for tracking and planning purposes.

Mind mapping
Technique for creating and working. A mind map shows the relationships between various concepts in the form of a graphical representation. British learning specialist Tony Buzan developed it in the early 1970s. Adressing both sides of the brain, contents are consequently easier to learn and store. Procedure: The central word (symbol or working title) is in the middle of the paper, which is always used in a horizontal format. Now main branches (lines) to sub-topics are developed, with the associated thoughts written on the branches as key words. The formation of sub-branches can be continued as required and the various “branches“ can be connected to one another. The result is a hierarchical arrangement of the thinking, which becomes more and more specific as one works outwards. The use of colors or images supports the “brain-friendly“ work.

Minimum Viable Product
The basic version of a product with enough features to satisfy initial users, allowing for testing and feedback gathering.

Minitab Macros
Automated or predefined sequences of commands or operations in Minitab, used for automating repetitive tasks or analyses.

MINITAB Method
A specific methodology or approach for conducting analyses, tasks, or operations using the Minitab statistical software.

Minitab Project MPJ file extension
The file format extension used in Minitab software to save and store project files containing data, analyses, and settings.

Minor nonconformity
Nonconformity that presumably only negligibly reduces the usability for the intended use. Or a deviation from the applicable stipulations that has only a negligible effect on the use or operation of a unit. (On the basis of DGQ Volume 11-04:2012)

Missing Values Missing Groups Empty Cells
Absent or unrecorded data points or groups in a dataset resulting in empty or null cells, affecting analysis and interpretation.

Mission
Mission: An organization’s purpose.

Mistake proofing
Mistake proofing: Improving processes to prevent mistakes from being made or passed downstream. This term can be contrasted with error proofing, which means improving designs to prevent mistakes from being made. Some, however, consider these two terms synonymous and applicable to products and processes.

MIT
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, U.S.A. www.mit.edu

Mixture Amount Experiment
An experimental design or study investigating the effects of varying amounts or proportions of components in a mixture.

Mixture Design
An experimental design examining the impact of multiple factors or components mixed together on the response or output.

Mixture Process Variable Design
An experimental design assessing the impact of varying process variables or factors on a mixture or blend in production.

Mizusumashi
A term in Lean manufacturing referring to a material handling method ensuring the right parts are delivered in the right quantity at the right time.

MOD
Management On Duty: Refers to managers or supervisors actively overseeing operations and tasks during their shifts.

Mode
Mode: The value occurring most frequently in a data set.

Model Reduction
A process of simplifying or streamlining complex models by eliminating redundant or less impactful components or variables.

Model test
Suitability test of a material final product. It comprises a design review and a type test. (On the basis of DIN 55350-17)

Moment of Truth
Critical moments or interactions with customers that significantly influence their perception or satisfaction with a product or service.

Monitoring
Determination of the status of either a system, a process, a product, a service or an activity. (On the basis of ISO 9000:2015)

Monument
Monument: Any design, scheduling or production technology with scale requirements that call for designs, orders and products to be brought to the machine to wait in line for processing. The opposite of a right sized (see listing) machine.

Morphological box
Creativity and work technique developed by the Swiss astrophysicist Fritz Zwicky (1898 – 1974). The morphological box can help provide a transparent display of a problem‘s solution field and make it easy to work out alternatives. Procedure: The first step is to describe the problem. Then parameters or criteria that give a general description of the problem are defined. In the third step, solutions are sought for each individual criterion. Subsequently, a table is created that has the criteria in the first column and the possible solutions in the other columns. The fifth step involves the evaluation of the solutions on the basis of selected characteristics. The resulting matrix (or box) makes it possible to combine the potential solutions into alternative concepts. The last step is the selection of the optimal solution.

MoSCoW
A prioritization technique categorizing requirements into Must Have, Should Have, Could Have, and Won't Have categories.

Motion
In Lean methodology, refers to any unnecessary movement or action that doesn't add value to the process or task.

Moving Average
A statistical calculation representing the average of a sequence of data points by considering a specified number of prior observations.

Moving Average Chart
A graphical representation displaying a series of moving averages over time, aiding in detecting trends or fluctuations.

Moving Range
The difference between consecutive observations or data points in a sequence, used in statistical process control and variation analysis.

Moving Range Chart
A graphical tool illustrating the variation in moving ranges over time to monitor process stability and identify outliers.

MP
Manufacturing Process: The sequence of steps or operations transforming raw materials into finished products in manufacturing.

MRP
Material Requirements Planning: A system for managing and planning materials, ensuring availability for production and manufacturing.

MSA
See Measurement System Analysis.

MSR
Measuring and control technology, also called instrumentation and control engineering.

MSSD
Mean Squared Successive Differences: A statistical measure assessing the differences between successive data points squared and averaged.

MSTQ
Metrology, standards, testing, quality.

MTBF
Mean time between failures. Average operating time between malfunctions for units that are maintained.

MTBM
Meantime between maintenance. Average service life between maintenance activities.

MTBQF
Mean Time Between Quality Failures: The average time interval between occurrences of quality-related failures in a system or process.

MTBT
Mean Time Between Tasks: The average time between the completion of consecutive tasks or activities in a workflow or process.

MTTF
Mean time to failure. Also called average service life.

MTTFF
Mean time to first failure. Average time until first malfunction.

MTTM
Mean time to maintenance. Average time between two maintenance actions.

MTTR
Mean time to repair. Maintenance time or average repair time.

Muda
Muda: Japanese for waste; any activity that consumes resources but creates no value for the customer.

Multi-Skilled Workers
Employees possessing multiple skill sets or competencies, capable of performing various tasks or roles within an organization.

Multicollinearity
A statistical phenomenon where independent variables in a regression model are highly correlated, impacting model accuracy.

Multiple Sampling
A statistical sampling technique involving taking multiple samples from a population to improve estimation accuracy.

Multiple sourcing
Distribution of the same product that is to be procured or the same service to more than one supplier. This procurement principle is useful when it is necessary to guarantee a highly secure supply.

Multivari Chart
Multivariate Control Chart: A graphical tool illustrating the variation between variables simultaneously, aiding in quality control.

Multivariate control chart
Multivariate control chart: A control chart for evaluating the stability of a process in terms of the levels of two or more variables or characteristics.

Multivariate Control Charts
Statistical tools monitoring multiple variables simultaneously to identify deviations or trends in a process or system.

Multivariate EWMA Chart
Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Chart: A control chart monitoring multiple variables using weighted averages over time.

Multivariate Normal Distribution
A probability distribution representing multiple random variables that follow a normal distribution pattern.

Multivoting
Multivoting: A technique used to make a consensus decision when numerous alternatives exist or when those involved in making or approving the decision have differing opinions. Similar to nominal group technique (see listing).

Mura
Variation (imbalance). Japanese term that is a basis of the lean philosophy. Mura identifies losses that result from the incomplete harmonization of capacities in the framework of the production process. Typical signs of Mura are queues at the machine or idle times.

Muri
Overload. Japanese term that is a basis of the lean philosophy. This refers to losses that emerge due to overload or overexertion in the framework of the working process.

MUT
Mean uptime.

Mutual benefits
See Quality management principles.

Mutual recognition agreement (MRA)
Mutual recognition agreement (MRA): A formal agreement providing reciprocal recognition of the validity of other organizations’ deliverables, typically found in voluntary standards and conformity assessment groups.

Myers-Briggs type indicator (MBTI)
Myers-Briggs type indicator (MBTI): A method and instrument for identifying an individual’s personality type based on Carl Jung’s theory of personality preferences.
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