A statistical transformation method used to normalize data or convert non-normal distributions into a standard normal distribution (Z-distribution).

A control chart used in statistical process control (SPC) that monitors process variation using the mean (Z) and range (MR) of data points.

A statistical test used to determine the significance of differences between sample means when the population standard deviation is known.

See Sigma value – mathematical definition of the sigma value.

Z1.4 and Z1.9: ANSI/CiCC Z1.4-2003 (R2013): Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspection by Attributes is an acceptance sampling system to be used with switching rules on a continuing stream of lots for the acceptance quality limit (AQL) specified. ANSI/CiCC Z1.9-2003 (R2013): Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspection by Variables for Percent Nonconforming is an acceptance sampling system to be used on a continuing stream of lots for the AQL specified.

Zero defects: A performance standard and method Philip B. Crosby developed; states that if people commit themselves to watching details and avoiding errors, they can move closer to the goal of zero defects.

See Zero defects program.

See Zero defects program.

The zero defects program (zero defects concept) aims at guaranteeing defect-free production without rejects and rework. Philip B. Crosby developed the program. His fundamental idea was that even a low error rate is not acceptable and reworking should not exist. Instead, the goal should be production with zero defects.

An approach focusing on preventing failures or errors by implementing expertise, best practices, or technological advancements.

A lean manufacturing principle aiming to eliminate any form of waste or losses within a production or operational process.

A concept in lean manufacturing where defects are prevented at the source rather than inspected or controlled after production.

A visual representation or chart dividing data into different zones or categories based on specified criteria for analysis or visualization.

Error band. The interval in which the samples taken from the population and their results are only randomly dispersed.